Helpful Common Ingredient Substitutions

1 cup sifted all purpose flour (APF)--1 cup + 2 Tbsp sifted cake flour
1 cup sifted cake flour ----------------1 cup - 2 Tbsp sifted APF
1 cup sifted self-rising flour ----------7/8 cup APF + 1 1/2 tsp baking powder + 1/2 tsp salt

1 cup sifted bread flour ---------------1 cup APF + 1 tsp wheat gluten
1 tsp baking powder ------------------1/4 tsp baking soda + 1/2 tsp cream of tartar
1 tsp cream of tartar ------------------2 tsp lemon juice or vinegar
1 cup shortening -----------------------7/8 cup vegetable oil

1 cup whole milk -----------------------1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water
1 cup buttermilk ------------------------1 Tbsp lemon juice + milk to make 1 cup
1 cup heavy cream -------------------3/4 c milk + 1/3 cup butter

1 cup packed brown sugar ---------1 cup white sugar = 1 1/4 cup powdered sugar
1 cup light corn syrup ----------------1 1/4 cup light brown sugar + 1/3 cup water
1 cup dark corn syrup ---------------1 cup light corn syrup + 1 Tbsp brown sugar
1 cup honey ---------------------------1 1/4 cup white sugar + 1/4 cup water
1/4 cup cocoa ------------------------1 (1oz.) square unsweetened chocolate

1 clove garlic -------------------------1/8 tsp garlic powder + 1/2 tsp garlic salt
1 tsp dried ginger --------------------2 tsp chopped fresh ginger
1 tsp minced fresh ginger ----------1/2 tsp ground dried ginger
1 tsp lemon zest ---------------------2 Tbsp lemon juice = 1/2 tsp lemon extract
2 fresh lemon grass stalks ---------1 Tbsp lemon zest